under Moses) also has some laws that resemble the Code of Hammurabi, as well as other law codes of the region. under Hezekiah/ Josiah traditionally ca. The later Mosaic Law (according to the modern documentary hypothesis ca. The earlier Ur-Nammu, of the written literature prolific Ur-III dynasty (twenty-first century B.C.E.), also produced a code of laws, some of which bear resemblance to certain specific laws in the Code of Hammurabi. 1300 B.C.E.) have some individual laws that bear a passing resemblance to those in the Code of Hammurabi, as well as other codices from the same geographic area. For example, the laws found in the later Hittite code of laws (ca. Most of these law codes, coming from similar cultures and racial groups in a relatively small geographical area, necessarily have passages that resemble each other.
The Code of Hammurabi was one of many sets of laws in the Ancient Near East. This concept lives on in most modern legal systems and has given rise to the term written in stone. By writing the laws on stone they were immutable. The code is often pointed to as the first example of the legal concept that some laws are so basic as to be beyond the ability of even a king to change. It is currently on display at the Louvre Museum in Paris, France. It was discovered in December 1901 in Susa, Elam, which is now Khuzestan, Iran, where it had been taken as plunder by the Elamites in the twelfth century B.C.E. The laws (numbered from 1 to 282, but numbers 13, and 66-99 are missing) are inscribed in Old Babylonian on an eight foot tall stela of black diorite. Unlike many earlier and contemporary kings, he did not consider himself related to any god, although he did call himself "the favorite of the gods." The image on the stele is done in bas-relief on basalt, and the text completely covers the bottom portion with the laws written in cuneiform script. At the top of this stele is an image of a Babylonian god (thought to be either Marduk, or Shamash), and Hammurabi, presenting himself to the god, with his right hand raised to his mouth as a mark of respect. The code of Hammurabi (1728 B.C.E.-1686 B.C.E.) is a collection of the legal decisions made by Hammurabi during his reign as king of Babylon, inscribed on a stele. The Hammurabi code on a diorite stele, Louvre Scholars presume that few people could read in that era and that much of the code was handed down through oral communication.Īlthough a social hierarchy placed some in privileged positions, the code proscribed punishments applicable to all classes, notwithstanding that punishments varied depending on the status of offenders and victims. The stele was openly displayed for all to see thus, no one could plead ignorance of the law as an excuse. The Code does not specify a procedure for defense against charges, though it does imply one's right to present evidence. It focuses on theft, property damage, women's rights, marriage rights, children's rights, slave rights, murder, death, and injury. The text contains a list of crimes and their various punishments, as well as settlements for common disputes and guidelines for citizens' conduct. The code is a collection of the legal decisions made by Hammurabi during his reign as king of Babylon, inscribed on a stele. 1780 B.C.E., is one of the earliest sets of laws found and one of the best preserved examples of this type of document from ancient Mesopotamia. The Code of Hammurabi (also known as the Codex Hammurabi and Hammurabi's Code), created ca.
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